How the brain can adapt at any age: the science of neuroplasticity
Academics from London South Bank University (LSBU) are helping to overturn the old myth of the ‘fixed’ adult brain, sharing new insights into how learning and experience continue to reshape it at every stage of life.
In an article for The Conversation, Dr Laura Pigott and Dr Siobhan Mclernon explain how modern neuroscience has transformed our understanding of the brain’s ability to change. The article draws on decades of research to show how learning, experience and recovery from injury can reshape the brain throughout life.
Changing understanding of the brain’s capacity for change
For much of the 20th century, scientists believed the adult brain was fixed and could not change after early adulthood. Research now shows this is not the case. The brain can continue to reorganise and adapt at any age, a process known as neuroplasticity.
Dr Pigott, Senior Lecturer in Neurosciences and Neurorehabilitation, and Dr Mclernon, Senior Nurse Lecturer at LSBU, outline how neuroplasticity works. When people practise new skills or take on challenging tasks, the connections between brain cells strengthen, and communication between different brain regions improves.
Advances in brain imaging have made it possible to see these changes clearly, showing that learning continues to shape the brain well into later life. However, Dr Pigott and Dr Mclernon highlight that neuroplasticity has limits. Meaningful change requires sustained effort and is influenced by factors such as age, genetics, previous experiences and general brain health.
As they write in the article: “The brain can change throughout life, but not without limits, not instantly and not effortlessly.”
What affects the brain’s ability to adapt?
The article explains that lifestyle factors play a major role. Regular exercise, good sleep and focused practice all support healthy brain change, while chronic stress can make it harder for the brain to adapt.
Neuroplasticity is also value‑neutral. The brain strengthens whatever patterns are repeated, whether they are helpful or harmful. This explains why habits linked to chronic pain, anxiety or addiction can become deeply rooted, but it also shows why rehabilitation and recovery are possible.
These insights have important implications for neurorehabilitation, including stroke recovery. Understanding the brain’s capacity to change supports approaches that focus on long‑term, meaningful practice rather than assuming progress slows or stops after early treatment.
Read the full article on The Conversation.